Problems in defining and measuring crime

Issues in characterizing and estimating wrongdoing Today we will be taking a gander at the distinction among wrongdoing and abnormality, the method of estimating wrongdoing and aberrance and the issues in question. Characterizing wrongdoing is mind boggling, dependant on social, political and monetary components. Wrongdoing is a demonstration deserving of law. In the event that someone oversteps the law, regardless of whether it is a genuine or minor wrongdoing, s/he will be rebuffed. Some contends that regardless of how unethical, unpardonable, harming or perilous a demonstration is, it's anything but a wrongdoing except if it is made such by the specialists of the State, the governing body. A few sociologists contend that just those are hoodlums who have been mediated as such by the courts, and no demonstration can be viewed as criminal under the steady gaze of and except if a court has dispensed some punishment. Not those who overstep criminal laws are gotten and indicted and numerous demonstrations that could be viewed as criminal are seldom arraigned. The types of discipline are changed, depending of earnestness of wrongdoing, for instance, detainment and so forth. Aberrance is a sort of conduct that isn't acknowledged by most of the general public. It is conduct that varies from the standard and terms abnormal, detestable, wiped out, improper are regularly associated with this type of conduct. This could be something as minor as wearing an inappropriate sort of garments to a gathering or as major as a homicide. Numerous freak demonstrations that are not acknowledged by society are not really criminal acts. Specific sort of conduct might be acknowledged by one society, yet depreciated and undermined by another. For instance, savoring liquor British society is viewed as adequate, regardless of whether it has negative effect on our general public. In any case, there are numerous societies (especially those affected by strict convictions) that object to this conduct. In certain nations like Libya, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Morocco, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Tunisia and Sudan, the utilization of mixed refreshments is prohibited. There are a few special cases where liquor can be accessible to remote voyagers however just in specific territories. Criminal and degenerate conduct changes all around and time to time. Solid popular feeling and changing virtues hugy affect these understandings and it gets hard to state what acts are freak/criminal and what can be viewed as typical. For instance, fetus removal used to be unlawful in the UK, however in 1967 it become legitimate as long as 24 weeks with no time limit when there is a hazard to the womans life. In any case, there are as yet hostile to premature birth bunches in UK that accept that fetus removal isn't right, but since larger part of society concur on this result it isn't viewed as criminal act any longer. There are as yet numerous nations that spot an incentive on human life and premature birth is unlawful there, for instance in Northern Ireland, Brazil, Malta, the Philippines, Egypt, Nigeria and some more. It is hard to draw a line among wrongdoing and abnormality. They go inseparably. Any wrongdoing that is submitted is an aftereffect of somebody being degenerate. A lot of freak conduct isn't deserving of law, however can go to the consideration of a network which executes different casual controls, for example, separating the individuals who go amiss from the standard dismissed by family, companions, partners, entire network. Who has the force and option to state what is ordinary and what is freak conduct? Societies, conventions, religion, ethics and convictions, incredibly impact society about what we see as adequate/unsuitable conduct. Individuals are naturally introduced to various social orders with various societies, qualities and ethics. People are affected by these from birth and proceed to learn and adjust new qualities and ethics. On the off chance that individuals move and become individuals from an alternate society, they may need to learn new qualities and ethics. In the event that someone attempts a strict transformation, their ethics and qualities will change to meet their picked religions conduct code. Wrongdoing and abnormality have consistently had a major impact in our general public. Wrongdoing measurements are a significant wellspring of data, which give an understanding into the sum and kind of wrongdoing submitted inside specific regions (both national and neighborhood). In England, violations recorded by the police have been distributed since 1876. Notwithstanding, official wrongdoing measurements (as recorded by the police) just contains data in regards to the violations that are accounted for and recorded by the police, courts and detainment facilities. Already the police had a specific measure of command over which wrongdoings were recorded yet since 2002 all wrongdoing must be recorded. Each one of those violations which go unreported are known as a dull figure of wrongdoing. Covered up, unnoticed and disregarded wrongdoings have a place with this classification and all these are prohibited from authentic insights. Violations happening inside a family or including young sters are the most widely recognized kinds of unreported wrongdoings. Individuals may not report wrongdoing for various reasons, for instance, absence of trust in the police or deciding to manage the circumstance actually. It has been recommended that just around fifteen percent of wrongdoing is accounted for to the police. Consequently unmistakably insights don't quantify and give an away from of absolute wrongdoing, in this way they are not dependable. There are different issues in contrasting insights after some time including: evolving enactment; changing understanding of the law by the legal executive; and the changing ethics and more prominent affectability of the overall population. To finish up, wrongdoing alludes to practices that are an infringement of the criminal law, however the law is under continually under audit. Changes in police rehearses, needs, governmental issues, law and what our meaning of what establishes a wrongdoing, dramatically affect insights. In spite of the fact that the exactness of gathered wrongdoing measurements are regularly addressed, they despite everything furnish us with understanding, keeping people in general, the media and different gatherings educated about the issue of wrongdoing. Regardless of whether they don't speak to our experience of wrongdoing, they permit us to explore the consistently changing nature of wrongdoing and abnormality. List of sources M. Haralambos M. Holborn (2008) Sociology Themes and Perspectives J. Muncie and E. McLaughlin (2001) The Problem of Crime David W. Jones (2008) Understanding Criminal Behavior.

Strategic management and some of its tools Essay

Key administration and a portion of its devices - Essay Example 26 (an) Introduction 26 You may incorporate 26 Aims of the paper 26 Definition of key administration 26 Importance of key administration in wellbeing/social consideration association 26 Description of vital administration process 26 Description of vital administration apparatuses utilized in associations 26 Brief portrayal of key administration exercises of your association 26 Very short depiction of the vital administration instruments utilized in your association 26 When you are composing the presentation you should choose material from a wide scope of fitting sources (for example course readings, diary papers, your hierarchical records) so as to build up a line of contention. 26 (b) Discussion or body of the paper 26 The body of the paper can be thought of as a progression of building hinders that escort the peruser bit by bit through your contention. This is where you report on your perusing, weigh up contentions for and against a suggestion, and present the proof. You have to in corporate hypothesis and realities from your association to build up your contention. Conversation or the body of the paper ought to have captions. You may include: 26 Detailed depiction of the vital administration devices (for example ... 26 Description of systems detailed after the investigation 26 Discussion on convenience/restrictions of the device/instruments utilized ( incorporate hypothesis and the realities from your association to contend your case) 26 Description/assessment of job of key initiative (for example position of authority your administration play) in both methodology detailing and usage in your association. ( coordinate hypothesis and the realities from your association to build up your contention). The job of vital administration may remember 26 Poster 1 BULLYING For THE WARD FIRST SECOND THIRD Introduction One of the worries of the staffs relates to tormenting. This has been brought a few times up in the week by week meeting. This is a major obstacle in giving top notch care to the patients. Issue Bullying has made contrary imprint in the relational connections of the Staff. It has influenced the medical caretaker nurture connections which is urgent in giving great consideration to patients which is the essential objective of the Hospital. Strategy Using SWOT examination, one of the dangers recognized is tormenting. It is significant this is address as it results into work disappointment among a portion of the Staff. This data is picked up from the week after week meeting being led by the Department. Conversation Nurse-nurture relationship is one of the most urgent connections in guaranteeing that excellent consideration s conveyed to the patients. In the event that nurture relationship is bothered by tormenting, it causes work disappointment, doubt among collaborators, diminishes communitarian exertion among the staff, diminishes duty, worry among the staff, and physical ailment that can lead from being missing from work (Bigony et al 2009). This circumstance is basic as tormenting in the work environment, for this situation, in the ward can result into misguided thinking on the part

The Use of Nuclear Power as a Weapon :: essays research papers

The Use of Nuclear Power As a Weapon August 6th,1945 isn't a day to be forgotten.It marks the world’s first utilization of a nuclear bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the US Military. After three days, the USA dropped a second nuclear bomb on the city of Nagasaki, finishing WW II. Altogether, more than 140.000 individuals were assessed to be murdered. Despite the fact that the most vital impacts of the nuclear bomb were the mass measures of death, the advancement of the nuclear bomb has enormously affected American culture and the world. The logical improvement encompassing the nuclear bomb has been a significant point in the world’s history, propelling us into the Atomic Age. The reason for building a nuclear bomb in the USA was that, on the August second 1939, a few researchers kept in touch with president Roosevelt about the endeavors in Nazi Germany to refine Uranium-235 with which may be gone to be utilized to fabricate a nuclear bomb. It was presently that the US Government started genuine endeavor known as the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was intended to research and creation that would deliver a nuclear bomb. The main source of utilizing the atomic force as a nuclear force was that the Americans had accepted that Japan could never give up during the WW II. Japan had involved the islands on the bank of Pacific and they were merciless to the individuals living there. Thus, a few Americans believed that Japan had the right to be shown a thing or two. Another reason for utilizing the atomic force, that the bomb cost $2 billion, so it would have been hard to legitimize not utilizing it after such an immense money related venture. By 1945, the undertaking had almost 40 research centers and manufacturing plants which utilized 200,000 individuals. That was more than the aggregate sum of individuals utilized in the US vehicle industry in 1945.The complete expense of the undertaking was $2 billion which is about what could be compared to $26 billion today. The last reason for utilizing the nuclear bomb was to demonstrate the prevalence over the USSR in light of the fact that during the war, the USA and the USSR were battling for various sides, they were rivals, bringing about indicating the world who the most grounded of everything was, so the USA dropped the bomb. These four occasions disclose to us that why the atomic force utilized as a weapon and changed the world and the impacts of this change felt at all levels: on the planet history, on the nations, on individuals and on the logical turn of events, propelling us into the Atomic Age.

Criticism and Correction Satire and Praise in Dryden, Pope, and Beyond - Literature Essay Samples

‘The true end of satire is the amendment of vices by correction. And he who writes honestly is no more an enemy to the offender, than the physician to the patient, when he prescribes harsh remedies to an inveterate disease’ Satire is a difficult, protean genre and one that avoids rather than invites classification. John Dryden’s preface to Absalom and Achitophel is appealing, as by uniting ‘satire’ under one common cause, his allegory offers a solution to this difficulty. Satire thus becomes a process of punishment and reward that serves as a remedy for social correction. Samuel Johnson famously describes the genre as ‘a poem in which wickedness or folly is censured.’ This notion of censorship correlates with Dryden; satire becomes a judicial mode in which the boundaries between right and wrong are clear and vice is brought to light. As Dustin Griffin points out in Satire: a Critical Reintroduction, a view of satire as a genre in which ‘The satirist †¦is quite certain of his own moral position’ (p35) dominates ‘conventional satirist theory’; particularly within the writing of those theorists who published their works around the 1960s. In No rthrop Frye’s Anatomy of Criticism, satire becomes a sphere in which ‘†¦moral norms are relatively clear,’ whilst for Alvin Kernan the satirist ‘retains always his monolithic certainty.’ Yet certainty and satire do not easily go hand in hand; as Griffin illustrates, the ‘best’ satire is full of ‘complexity and ambiguity’ (p2) and comes in an ‘incomprehensible’ range of forms. Thus, connecting its construction to a definable process of criticism and approval threatens to bring homogeny to the form or concretize a reader’s expectations of convention. Whilst Dryden may seek to provide a moral remedy with Absalom and Achitophel, the liveliness with which Pope fuses the classical and the contemporary in his Imitations of Horace, are more indicative of a playful sporting with the faults that he criticizes rather than a removed passing of judgment. Dryden’s metaphor in which satire functions as a kind of process of diagnosis and correction is appealing as it provides a set of distinguishing features for an otherwise slippery genre. Just as the purging of a disease is followed by health, the ‘amendment of vices by correction’ denotes a similarly methodical process in which criticism is followed by constructive praise. In his First Satire of the Second Book of Horace, Alexander Pope makes it clear that he is writing to a social purpose. The poem opens with a sly criticism of his readers, establishing a dynamic in which any offence caused by its content is more indicative of their inability to take criticism than of Pope’s virulence; ‘There are (I scarce can think it, but am told) / There are to whom my Satire seems too bold. / Scarce wise Peter complaisant enough, / And something said of Chartres much too rough.’ (1-4) Here, Pope does not make an apology for his writing as Dryden does but ridicules the reader who cannot stomach the ‘bold[ness]’ of his verse. The notion of a written attack becoming ‘too rough’ playfully connotes a physical attack and bestows cowardice to the reader who is too easily defeated. However, it is noticeable that Pope presents himself as an outsider of sorts; removed from the heat of direct conflict and responding to what he has ‘heard.’ This step back is important; it signifies a reflective quality to his writing and removes his ‘Satire’ from the viciousness of a lampoon. From this view, Kernan’s perception of the ‘satirist’ as ‘†¦showing us the world and man as they actually are†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Kernan p23) holds good stead and points to a view of Pope’s outlook as essentially moralistic. His satire thus becomes an uncomfortable yet necessary mode of assessment, denoting a fear of ver acity in those ‘to whom’ it ‘seems too bold.’ The methodical process of composition suggested by Dryden’s allegory is made the more intriguing by Pope’s treatment of praise. Whilst Dryden positions praise as a necessary element of constructive criticism, line 21 of Pope’s First Satire of the Second Book of Horace indicates a more complex relationship between the two; ‘‘Or if you needs must write, write Caesar’s praise; / You’ll gain at least a Knighthood or the Bays.’ (21-22) Pope is being cynical about appropriate topics for poetic composition but his notion of undeserved praise is significant. Strikingly, the context of social elevation in which ‘praise’ is placed distances the word from its meaning. Rather than denoting genuine ‘approval, eulogy, laudation’ it is more indicative of calculated flattery. Here, Pope highlights a curious binary between criticism and commendation in which one relies on the other for a fullness of meaning. Just as the writing of ‘praise’ alone becomes unauthentic and thus contradictory, pure criticism risks a descent into virulence. This suggests that for Pope, satire must strike a balance between the two if it is to be successful. From this perspective, satire can be primarily understood as a moral mode. The correlation between criticism and instruction is made more interesting by a consideration of the original verse of Horace. In John Butt’s Twickenham Edition of Pope’s poetic works, his verse is printed, as it was in the original, side by side with Horace’s writing. The typography invites comparison between the two and calls for, as Fuchs suggests, a consideration both of their similarities and of their ‘striking differences.’ In lines 62-65 of Horace’s poem, Trebatius warns the writer that his satire risks running him into trouble. Horace responds with the following; ‘What! When Lucilius, first / to compose poems of this kind, dared to strip the skins / from those who dazzled all the men they walked among, / though filthy underneath.’ (p69) Whilst Dryden’s presents satire as a means of correcting moral ill, Horace advocates a candid exhibition of the ‘filth†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ that lies ‘underneath’ and chooses to flay his subjects. However, despite the violence of Horace’s metaphor, at the heart of his line is a similar recognition of the moral boundaries indicated by Dryden. Here, Horace’s revelation of vice prepares the grounds for ‘amendment.’ Satire then, can be understood as a mode of perception; a removal of ambiguity or adornment to reveal and review what lies beneath. Here the empty praise criticized by Pope in his first Imitation takes on a new significance, as it is exactly such emptiness of meaning that distorts clear perception and must therefore be stripped away. Satire thus becomes understandable and distinguishable as a process that roots out what is bad and a heals with praise. A view of the satirist as one who, as Kernan puts it, ‘sees the world as a battlefield between a definite, clearly understandable good which he represents and an equally clear-cut evil’ (p21-22) stimulates a degree of praise for the moral certainty of their perception. The clarity sought by Horace’s revelation of corruption is equally clear in its moral distinctions as virtue and vice exist in a similar binary to ‘skin’ and ‘filth.’ However, as Fuschs illuminates, Pope’s translation of Horace’s passage is unexpected and more localized in its diagnosis of vice; ‘What? Arm’d for Virtue when I point the Pen, / Brand the bold front of shameless, guilty Men†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (105 – 106) Pope’s language is precise, the plosive ‘point the pen’ and ‘brand the bold’ creating a sharpness of tone that mirrors the sharpness of his perception. For Fuchs, this affirms the soundness and autonomy of Pope’s morals. Unlike ‘†¦Laureate Drydon Pimp and Fry’r†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ who are dismissed along with ‘flatt’rers and Biggots,’ Pope’s is loyal to ‘Virtue’ alone and retains his lucid perception. It is worth noting that in line 40 of his first Imitation, Pope’s rhymed iambic pentameter is interrupted by a lone eight syllable line; ‘Ev’n those you touch not hate you’ (40) Pope’s verse is constructed with measured precision, and bitterness of this deviation is strikingly apparent. Here, as with Pope’s reference to the ‘long Disease,’ of his ‘Life’ in his Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, satire becomes not just a moral form but a m oral obligation. Kernan’s idea of a ‘clear and consistent’ moral perspective seems particularly apt as it suggests that Pope both possesses an independent clarity of vision and is alienated in this perception. Pope’s satire may be less bloody-handed in its stripping bare of folly than that of Horace, but his awareness of clear moral boundaries and ability to judge the foibles of others appears suggests a similar, moral aim. However, there is a danger that comes with the grouping of satire under a common goal or purpose as it risks homogenizing the genre and installing an expectation of clear conventions within its readers. In reducing Pope’s Imitations to a bi-parte structure of criticism and praise, there is risk of losing an appreciation of the complexity and playfulness that gives his verse its comedy. An understanding of Pope’s first Imitation or his Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot as devoid of comedy is surely mistaken. By this standard both poems become either homiletic or purely invective; attributes that question their place as satire. The same can be said for Dryden’s Absolam and Achitophel. If, Dryden’s poem is composed merely as a moral vehicle in which Charles II is critiqued and then praised through the figure of David, it fits better into the genre of allegory than it does satire. Thus, a strange situation is created in which Dryden’s process of ‘amendment ’ is both definitive and contradictory to his work. The same issue stands with Pope’s Imitations and it is useful to examine the changing reception of his verse since its publication when dealing with this contradiction. In his 1815 ‘Essay supplementary to the Preface,’ William Wordsworth writes of a kind of ‘bewitch[ing]’ quality to Pope’s verse as it ‘dazzled’ the nation with its ‘polished style.’ The connotations of the dark arts evoked by Wordsworth suggest a kind of magic within Pope’s poetry next to which his moral message is secondary. It is this ‘bewitch[ing]’ style that William Bond attacks in his 1728 The Progress of Dullness. He likens Pope’s compositions to ‘Whip Syllabub’ rolling in the most ‘seraphic emptiness.’Here, far from Kernan’s assertion of Pope’s moral certainty, Bond suggests a kind of immorality in the sumptuousness of his poetic composition. Bond’s criticism does little to pose against temptation as in condemning the ‘frothy emptiness’ of Pope’s lines, he unwittingly praises the deliciousness of reading them. The movement from an understanding of Pope’s verse as an indulgence with the power to corrupt, to the vehicle for just, moral thought suggested by Kernan is difficult to understand. On one hand, it denotes a change in the way in which Pope’s satirical verse is heard. Whilst Wordsworth and Bond are attuned to the music of his meter, for Kernan and perhaps for Frye, it has become a show of technical virtuosity that is more concerned with social reform than ‘dazzl[ing]’ the ‘nation’. This shift in reader interpretation is important as it serves as a reminder of the extent to which the satire constructed by Pope and by Dryden is temporally bound. Satire it a topical genre and thus its connotations change depending on the involvement of the reader with the subject of satire. Whilst Pope’s imitations of Horace demonstrate a recognition and perhaps an appreciation of the tradition of satire that precedes him, the very nature of imitation over t ranslation demonstrates its time-bound significance. Despite his attempt to unify ‘satire’ under one, common cause, Dryden’s method illustrates the impossibility of connecting them. Thus, a consideration of the distribution of praise exercised by Horace and later by Dryden and Pope does not join them in one generic process of composition, but rather shows the immense variety of the ways in which satire operates as a genre. Bibliography Primary Sources: Dryden, John, Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell: Astraea Redux; Annus Mirabilis; Absalom and Achitohel; Religio Laici; The Hind and the Panther (Clarendon Press, 1874) Pope, Alexander, Imitations of Horace, ed. by John Butt (MethuenCo. LTD, London 1939) all further references are taken from this edition. Secondary Sources: Frye, Northrop, and Harold Bloom, ‘Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays’, acls humanities e-book, acls humanitiese-book Fuchs, Jacob, ‘Beginning,’ Reading Pope’s Imitations of Horace (Bucknell University Press, London 1989) Griffin, Dustin H., Satire: A Critical Reintroduction (University Press of Kentucky, 1994) Kernan, Alvin, The Cankered Muse (Yale University Press, United States of America, 1959) OED Online (Oxford University Press) Vilmar, Christopher, ‘Johnson’s Criticism of Satire and the Problem of the Scriblerians’, The Cambridge Quarterly, 38 (2009), 1–23 Wordsworth, William, ‘Essay Supplementary to the Preface,’ in Shorter Poems, 1807-1820, ed Carl H. Ketcham (Cornell University Press, New York, 1989)

Oprah Winfrey s Influence On Law Enforcement And Schools...

â€Å"Real integrity is doing the right thing, knowing that nobody s going to know whether you did it or not.† – Oprah Winfrey. Being born into an abusive family to a teen mother may hold some people from becoming successful, but not Oprah Winfrey. Winfrey uses her rocky past to motivate her to help others, and provide victims of sexual abuse with a safe haven. Winfrey has made an impact on America. The former pageant queen and talk show host helped establish the National Sex Offender Registry which made an impact on law enforcement and schools across the country. Winfrey also changed the face of talk shows by giving back to the community and focusing on bigger problems, not just celebrities and gossip. To better understand how Oprah Winfrey is heroic one must explore her past, her accomplishments, and how her kind heart has helped raise money for many charities. Oprah Winfrey’s past helped shape her into the influential person she is presently. According to achievement.org, the official website of a museum of living history in Washington D.C., Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi to mother, Vernita Lee and father Vernon Winfrey. Vernita was just a teenager when Oprah Winfrey was born. Winfrey was sexually abused by several of her mother’s friends and relatives while her mother was away working. The abuse lasted from ages nine to thirteen. When Winfrey tried to run away, she was sent to a juvenile detention home, but was denied admittance because allShow MoreRelatedOprah Winfrey s Ideas, Services, And Products1785 Words   |  8 PagesOprah Winfrey’s Ideas, Services, and Products Oprah Winfrey is best known as an American television host, an actress, a philanthropist, a television producer, and an entrepreneur. She is well known for her highly acclaimed daytime talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, which ran successfully from 1986 to 2011. Her financial success from her talk show allowed Oprah to establish her own production company, Harpo Productions, in 1986 so that she can pursue her desire for acting and her love for greatly-madeRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions in Ghana20927 Words   |  84 PagesOF CAPE COAST THE IMPACT OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ON THE CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF GUINNESS GHANA BREWERIES LIMITED BY STEPHEN SANYE BATOGBEE SEIDU A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE OF THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AUGUST 2008    UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST THE IMPACT OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS ON THE CORPORATERead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

Root Cause of Terrorism in Pakistan - 3596 Words

Root Causes of terrorism In Pakistan : Not only Pakistan but the whole world is facing the problems of prevailing terrorist activities in one or some other form. These activities and attacks are prevailing like the cancer in the whole world that may be the most developed nations or the third world countries. In Pakistan Some attribute the terrorism and these terrorist activities to the political instability, economic conditions, standard of lives of the masses. yet others attribute it to the religious extremism of portion of the masses of Pakistan. There is another school of thought that say that the injustices done by World super powers towards the third world countries and Muslim countries have led the world to this situation and yet†¦show more content†¦The religion of Islam (Submission), advocates freedom, peace and mutual agreement and admonishes aggression. The following verses make it very clear. â€Å"And do not aggress; GOD dislikes the aggressors†. 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The main issue is the extent and intensity of the socio-economicRead MoreViolent Crimes - Terrorism : Terrorism1445 Words   |  6 PagesViolent Crimes – Terrorism The exact definition of terrorism on a universal scale has proven to be as challenging as it is to prevent for police, researchers and practitioners all over the world. The definitions tend to vary depending on whether it is national, international or global communities defining the acts. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) terrorism is â€Å"the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian

Layout of a Manufacturing Facility

Question: Discuss about the Layout of a Manufacturing Facility. Answer: Introduction: In order to ensure the effectiveness of the entire production and operations process the companies often design a framework of a manufacturing facility. The layout often helps in maximisation of the capital profit and employee engagement. This essay is going to discuss about the important aspects of the layout, its objective, the theoretical discussion of the structure and factorial exhibition of the expected consequences. The essay designs a suitable layout for a precast manufacturing unit with the help of the principles of framework. Every business company follows a certain goal structured for its business achievement. In case of setting the goals for manufacturing operations, the companies often design a linear layout for manufacturing facility. Before comprehending the layout, one needs to understand how it is defined. The facility layout is nothing but a specific arrangement for understanding the varieties of dimensions of manufacturing process so that most suitable steps are initiated to enhance and improve the quantity and quality of production. Goals and Objectives: The primary objective of the layout is to provide smooth working environment to the employees so as to increase the level and quality of production or manufacturing. It also aims at creating a space where the agreements between the manufacturing process and manufacturing ideas can be placed together. Following are the outline work of the proposed and designed layout. i) Confirmation of the acceleration of the product order ii) Ensuring the safety and security of the working employees iii) To lift up the capacity of production iv)To provide facility to the technological upgrade and introduction of new product line. v) To grab hold of the swaying workers and raw materials vi)To ensure the fixity of the product equipments In order to achieve the aforesaid objectives, one needs to consider the effective factors behind the formation and design of this layout. The framework of the layout is constructed in accordance with the basic design principles. The structure also follows utilisation of space and capital and flexibility of the organisation because without firm consideration of these factors, it is quite tough for an organisation to design a proper layout. Structural Description: Development of the layout depends on line balancing method as it aims at assembling the basic materials for manufacturing. The strategy of line balancing has two dimension of structure: static balance and dynamic balance. Static balance is related to the differences of capacity in long term performance whereas dynamic balancing refers to the differences in capacity in short term basis. Mix variation of the products and work time variety are not related to the value of the product mix. Product line stability is intended to facilitate the competence of the workers and utilisation of the existing equipment. In general, the line balancing approach is counterproductive. It happens because of the automatic ensemble of potential utilisation and high inventory. Type of Facility Layout: Since the proposed layout is one made with multiple combinations, it is going to be the amalgamation of size and type of the firm. The combination is no doubt apt for almost every type of product (especially tangible). The sequence of the operations for different product ad size remains almost the same because the layout is applicable irrespective of the types of products it deals with. Process: The process of layout begins with the laying out of the rebar. It is associated with the raw materials required for it. At first, the rebar is cut and is moved to the next level. In the second step, the rebar is bent and shaped properly. In the next step, the rebar is transferred to the bed of casting. In the meantime, cement, sand, and other essential materials are mixed properly so that it becomes a perfect mould. After ensuring proper mixing process, it is poured to the casting bed. It is further added to the cast concrete and rebar. The work of formation is adjusted according to the proposed shape. After the final component is cured, the precast is ready for the usage. Diagram: The AON: PERT and CRM approaches will be beneficial for the project management and resource allocation (De Carlo et al. 2013). According to them, the availability of the required resources is unlimited in the project network. However, the reality is quite different as the resources and time both are limited (Zhou et al 2014). It must be considered while establishing the schedule of the network. A balance must be maintained in the project schedule if the supply of the required resources are insufficient (Bracke et al. 2014). Proper allocation of the resources is highly responsible for the successful development of the project (Mourtzis and Doukas 2014). The initial stage of the project can be named as SI and the future state can be named as SF. There are three basic scenario that may occur: It can a smooth procedure to move from SI to SF. The progress of the project can be stopped between the two basis states of a project development (SI and SF). There may be reversion of progress from SI to SF (Samy, AlGeddawy and ElMaraghy 2015). Strategies are established to obtain the next stage of the project on the basis of resource allocation as the availability of the resource plays vital role for moving the project from the initial stage to the next level (Tolio et al. 2013). The key strategy for resource allocation is to divide the activity G between 2 technical staff members and activity A between 2 technical staff. This strategy is followed as activity G requires 4 members but activity A requires 2. However, due to having sufficient member activity A will be completed on time and the member can proceed for the next level. Thus, if the activity G take longer time, the projects development will not be hampered. This strategy will help to complete the project on time in spite of having insufficient staffs. The activity A does not need any extra equipments, so it will be delivered all the required fuel (50 liters). A will receive one support staff as the L does not need any support, but activity A must be completed on t ime. Activity B needs three days and four technical employees to be completed, but it will get only three staff members to be done. Activity L will get one technical staff instead of two staffs as there is enough time before the next activity after activity L. During this period activity B,C.D and E must be completed successfully. Activity L will be given hundred liters of Fuel, one extra equipment with five epoxy materials. Activity C will receive two technical staff members and one support staff because the activity must be completed on time before proceeding for activity D. However, C will be given 35 liters fuel for finishing the task within two days. D will be allocated one support and one technical staff member and twenty liters of fuel. On other hand, activity E will receive support of three technical staff, two support staff. Task E must be done on time before starting task F. Activity K also must be done before activity F. The K activity will get six technical staffs. It is expected that activity H, K and E must be finished on time as all these task has received large number of support staffs and other required resources. After the completion of H and K also F will not be able to start before the completion of E. Activity K will receive two technical support one support staff member as it needs two days to be completed and no special equipments are required. H will be delivered one hundred eight y liters of fuel as the activity uses two special equipments. Activity H, K and E must be completed on time before starting activity F. Activity G and L can be allocated some expandable resources as there is long time duration between these activities and the next activity. Activity F will be getting all the required resources like twenty liters of fuel, support of six technical staff and support of three support staff members. This activity does not require the support of any extra equipment or epoxy, but the time span to complete the task is fixed. The activity F must be finished within two days. Support from all the technical staff and support staff member will be available during this two days. Resources can be updated by real time tracking. Updated resources will be beneficial to achieve the target and enhance the performance (Moon et al 2014). Another important strategy to achieve the target to modify the group and maintain individual calendars and make a list of all the task to identify the changing priority. Re-allocation and updating of the resources can be helpful to maintain balance in the workload (Niroomand et al. 2015). All the team members must be provided three hundred Sixty degree transparent idea about the project to help them to understand about the project (Murthy et al. 2016). It will be helpful for them to observe the importance of their performance and to understand how they can contribute in the project development. They will be able to create their own strategy for achieving the target. Making business rules will also be beneficial to update the resources as it will help the management to monitor the performance graph of all the team members. These rule s will inform team members about the time sheets and review the growth of their own performance (Garca?Hernndez et al. 2015). Reference: De Carlo, F., Arleo, M.A., Borgia, O. and Tucci, M., 2013. Layout design for a low capacity manufacturing line: a case study.International Journal of Engineering Business Management,5, p.35. Zhou, Q., Wu, X., Xia, Y. and Cai, W., 2014. Spot weld layout optimization of tube crash performance with manufacturing constraints.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,136(1), p.011014. Bracke, S., Inoue, M., Ulutas, B. and Yamada, T., 2014. CDMF-RELSUS Concept: Reliable and Sustainable Productsinfluences on Design, Manufacturing, Layout Integration and Use Phase.Procedia CIRP,15, pp.8-13. Moon, D.H., Song, M.J., Park, C.S., Zhang, B.L. and Shin, Y.W., 2014. A Simulation Study on the Layout Design of Micro Assembly Line for Lens Module.IFAC Proceedings Volumes,47(3), pp.1678-1683. Niroomand, S., Hadi-Vencheh, A., ?ahin, R. and Vizvri, B., 2015. Modified migrating birds optimization algorithm for closed loop layout with exact distances in flexible manufacturing systems.Expert Systems with Applications,42(19), pp.6586-6597. Murthy, P.B.G.S.N., Ranganayakulu, J., Vidhu, K.P. and Rao, K.V., 2016. Heuristic Search Algorithm for the Single-row Machine Layout in an Automated Manufacturing System.Procedia Technology,25, pp.1088-1095. Mourtzis, D. and Doukas, M., 2014. Design and planning of manufacturing networks for mass customisation and personalisation: challenges and outlook.Procedia CIRP,19, pp.1-13.

Tapping Into The Content Community You Never Knew You Had

Coming up with a steady stream of engaging, high-quality content is essential for success. But there are times when your well starts to run dry. Research by the Content Marketing Institute shows that over half of marketers say their greatest challenge is creating enough content. So, when your flood of content ideas starts to become a trickle, the good news is that you can always turn to a broader content community for help. 1. Accept Guest Posts If your website has relatively high domain authority (DA), it shouldn’t be hard to find writers who are willing to write a guest post for you. Guest posting benefits both your website and the guest writer: you get quality content and the guest writer gains valuable exposure. Defining a set of guidelines up front that explain what you’re looking for and how the content will be used is essential to ensure everyone is happy with the outcome. 2. Conduct an Expert Interview Interviews with experts in your industry are another great way to come up with new content in a hurry. Respected experts have knowledge that your audience would love to soak up and they also help you make valuable connections. Be respectful of the interviewee’s time – do your research in advance so you’ll be armed with good questions and be flexible to do the interview in whatever format they prefer whether it’s via phone, Skype or email. 3. Curate Content Sharing great content by others can help you fill gaps in between your own content. Plenty of content marketers are taking advantage of this tactic with about a third saying they share curated content daily. When you share industry news or other relevant information with your audience, add your own comments or highlight critical points as these help boost your credibility and thought leadership. Customers are an often overlooked source of content. But if you can get your most enthusiastic customers to write a post for you or even write a review, it can carry a lot of weight with readers. Research shows that about 70% of shoppers consult customer reviews before they make a purchase. Consumers trust their peers, so what better way to add fresh content to your website than to share the words of a satisfied customer? If you want to take this idea to the next level, you can even put together a group of brand ambassadors who are in charge of posting social media updates and stories about your products. 5. Run a Contest Not all content is written: images and videos are equally valuable. Hosting a photo or video contest on your website can result in huge amounts of quality user-generated content that’s great for generating social-media buzz. Content is a Team Sport Well-performing, well-written content marketing doesn’t have to be a solo task. While your own content may be the foundation of your overall content strategy, sometimes involving others can go a long way to broadening your reach and diversifying your content mix.

The crucible context essay Essays

The crucible context essay Essays The crucible context essay Paper The crucible context essay Paper The Crucible is a play, written in America during the 1950s, by Arthur Miller. It is based on the true events that happened in the American town of Salem in the 1600s. Many Women and some men were arrested, trialled and imprisoned for alleged witchcraft. Twenty were hanged. However it is also influenced by other events that occurred before and during Arthur Millers life. For example the anti communist movement that is now known as McCarthyism. The period Miller wrote the crucible was the 1950s this was a time when new beginnings were happening in the USA and most people at that time were in search of the American dream. As James Truslow Adams describes it in his book entitled The Epic of America (1931) That dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement. . It was the time when the cold war was threatening to get serious and break out into full scale war. The cold war was the conflict between the two super powers of the world; the communist Soviet Union and the capitalist United States. In 1953 the year of the plays first performance the Korean War had just come to an end, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) exploded its first hydrogen bomb and Joseph Stalin died. This all sparked an American movement now known as McCarthyism which loomed over and dominated American society throughout the 1950s. McCarthyism is the term that describes a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion initiated by Senator Joseph McCarthy however to began before he was ever involved. This period is also referred to as the Second Red Scare, McCarthyism later took on a more general meaning, not necessarily referring to the conduct of Joseph McCarthy alone. Everyone was being accused of dealings with communism in fact people were punished for doing anything that was considered un-american including Arthur Miller who was asked to give the names of people he knew who were believed to be communists but he refused, consequently he was fined and sentenced to prison, but he did not serve his sentence as it was dropped on appeal. He reflects his being asked to name names in his play the crucible in the scene where Abigail is asked to name witches in the town but unlike Miller she consents to save herself and falsely accuses various women in Salem of her crimes of witchcraft. The period the play is set in is the 1600s. The Puritans were the leading religion of the time it was formed in England. The puritans strongly believed in the separation from the Roman Catholic Church and its traditions, the movement away from the Episcopacy (the government of the Church by a hierarchy of bishops) towards a Reformed Protestant Church and theology, simplified forms of worship, an emphasis on personal interpretation of the Bible and harbored a deep dislike for church ritual, robes, music and idolatry. Their aim was to cleanse people from the remnants of Roman Catholicism, cleanse and convert them to Puritanism. A modern day equivalent of the Puritans would be the Quakers or the Amish. People began emigrating from England to Massachusetts in the 1620s with the intention of creating models of puritan life and theocracy, a religious institution. Salem originally settled in 1629 and was completely built from scratch in the wilderness. The frequent problem with this was viscous, fatal attacks from the Native Americans who were clearly there first. The community was run by a pioneering spirit. Their way of life was hard work and they abided by strict religious observance. This was a new world for all and the only way of life they ever knew. At the stage of the settlers in the crucible we find a small town in turmoil with itself. There are those within the town with a compelling temptation to rebel and break free from conformity and those who are desperately still trying to enforce the towns harsh rules because they are afraid of the unknown. Witchcraft, the exercise or invocation of alleged supernatural powers to control people or events, practices typically involve sorcery or magic, with the usual intention of harm. In early modern European history there was a mass witch scare; people lived in constant paranoid fear of supernatural activity meaning witchcraft. This terror was injected into people by the church. Christian theology portrayed witches as the servants of satan, who was indecently evil in carnation, witches were the ones responsible for attacking the upright godly and seducing the feeble, in fact they were scapegoats for everything bad that ever happened. So in order to rid themselves of these vermin, similarly to a person killing an innocent spider for the irrational fear of it, people would organise witch hunts with the intention of riding a town or village of all its filth meaning witches. Subsequently witch hunts were very popular from the 1400s to the mid seventeenth century. When a said witch was discovered it often resulted in public hysteria on a large scale. The alleged witch would then be trialled and imprisoned or put to death. Hence the strict, religion crazed Puritan settlers took this custom along with them from England to poison their new land, America. Thus when a group of young women were found cavorting naked around a fire and drinking frog juice it is not astounding that the conclusion of witchcraft was reached by the puritan authorities. Witchcraft to the puritans is the broad term given to anything that threatens to appose their perfect society. The girls behaviour was wild and out of control and if this attitude spread around Salem it would break the power of those in command e. g. reverend Paris. The witchcraft trials were a time when no one was above suspicion and so it became everyman for himself. Every person was desperately trying to save themselves from the noose and they soon discovered that they had to do to achieve this was repent and direct the blame at someone else. All that was needed to convict a witch was a witness that claimed that an apparition of the witch (that only they could see) demonically attacked them. This was always enough evidence to link the defendant with having an elicit affair with the devil. Those that testified obviously saw nothing. People began to use the trials for personal gain, land disputes were settled by one party accusing the other of witchery consequently they would be taken away and hanged and that was the end of that. Many had to testify against their neighbours with no choice if they wanted to save themselves from conviction. The Crucible isnt entirely historically accurate Miller admits in his notes to the play that he used dramatic license and fictionalised in order to make the play feasible, for example Abigail was in reality only twelve not sixteen it would not have been acceptable or appropriate for John Proctor to have a sexual affair with a twelve year old girl. However with a couple of exceptions the facts in the play are correct. In the middle of such a difficult time in American history Arthur Miller was able to make a subtle attack on McCarthyism (which was causing him and the rest of the nation so much strife) with his manuscript The Crucible about a parallel situation that happened over 200 years before. The Crucible even after such a long time still has modern day relevance. We can compare the play to the current affairs happening in the twenty first century as Miller did with McCarthyism. The witch scare in Salem is similar to the problem we face today with terrorism. Public terror is ensued by terrorist attacks just it was with rumours of witchcraft. However this modern day threat is far more real. There are still real people who call themselves witches in the 21st century and there are places around the world where witch hunts still take place. To incarcerate or kill someone for being a witch in 2007 would no longer be permitted because it would be seen as prejudice, just as it would be wrong to imprison a person for being black. If I were to stage a play of The Crucible this year I would use realism, but not for the visual, spatial or aural aspects. I would have the set minimalist and use emotive colours with props, of which there would be few. The cast would be dressed basically in brownish colours to reflect the peoples Puritanism culture. The props and furniture would be far apart from each other and the actors should use as much of the space as they can when performing. Id have the actors use modern day accents to imply modern day relevance. All this should be so, so that the audience can use their imaginations to create their own interpretations. Similarly to imagining the story when reading a book. The Crucible is a tragedy. It tells us that people were ignorantly cruel at that time. And that humanity is fallible when it comes down to doing what is morally righteous or saving itself from pain and hurt.

MHE514 - Psy. Social Aspts of Emerg. and Disaster Module 3 - Case Essay

MHE514 - Psy. Social Aspts of Emerg. and Disaster Module 3 - Case - Essay Example Lot of people were injured and even still people staying there reported lot of health problems. Most of the residents within the affected area, which covered eight square miles, lived in poverty. This village was populated with illiterate people and they were not aware of the possible safety measures when the tragedy occurred. â€Å"The Bhopal event was the worst industrial disaster ever, and provides a classic case to study from an environmental health viewpoint, as it raises important issues, not only in terms of toxicology, but also in terms of occupational health and safety, air pollution, epidemiology, risk assessment, disaster management, and environmental protection.   There has been much written about Bhopal, pointing out the lessons which we should learn, to prevent tragedies of this kind from occurring in the future.† (Muller) Most of the people affected by breathlessness, persistent cough, diminished vision, early age cataracts, loss of appetite, menstrual irregularities, recurrent fever, back and body aches, loss of sensation in limb, fatigue, weakness, anxiety etc. Even the survivors and the newly born babies reportedly having different kinds of cancers, tuberculosis, reproductive system problems and other problems such as growth retardation etc. It is clear that an industrial tragedy definitely may result in a long time health problems associated with the inhabitants. In one of the monument established at the tragedy site written as â€Å"No more Hiroshima, No more Bhopal† which clearly suggests the depth of the accident occurred. â€Å"A new Union Carbide scandal broke in India today as furious Bhopal survivors protested against leaked plans of a shadowy deal between Carbides 100% owner Dow Chemical and the Indian Oil Corporation to supply ethylene glycol technology for IOCs Panipat complex† (Murky deal may help Carbide sneak back into India)The first lesson we must learn from this tragedy is that Industrial plants

Assisted Suicide and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assisted Suicide and the Law - Essay Example ation of assisted suicide with the view that â€Å"people who wish to retain their dignity and choice at the end of their lives should have the option of a peaceful, gentle, certain, and swift death in the company of their loved ones† (Schmalleger, 2006, p. 1). The society’s objective advocates for legalization of assisted suicide with an informed patient’s decision and with the patient’s family being informed. I agree with the society’s opinion that the decision should be legally left to patients. This is because the current legal and ethical healthcare provisions do not address the issue, creating confusion among physicians. The Supreme Court has also, in the past, found no legal liability in assisted suicide and left the decision to physician and patient’s ethical consideration. Euthanasia would be the best option because it is painless (Westrick, Dempski and Katherine, 2008). I would add a provision that a mentally incapacitated person be entitled to a physician assisted suicide with the consent of an approved caretaker, preferably a close relative. This is because the category of persons may be in great need of the service but lacks the capacity to

Problem Solving Simulation Essay Example for Free

Problem Solving Simulation Essay Assignment:Â  Problem-Solving Simulation How did you interpret the problem? When I was interpreting the problem I was trying to look at the whole picture. When in all reality I should have been breaking down the problem into sections so I could concentrate on the issue at hand. I will have to admit that shook my head allot over this because it was hard to look outside the box, as one might want to say. The goal was to get all three animals to the other side of the river without any of them being harmed by one of the other animals. The cat would eat the mouse if left alone, or the dog and the cat would fight if left alone. The strange part was the mouse and the dog could not be left on the other side of the bank either. What strategy did you use and how did you evaluate your progress? The strategy I took was that to find most common problem between the three animals. When I was evaluating the possibilities of getting them all three over the river it was overwhelming at first. I was able to attain that the main problem was the cat. The cat did not get along with the dog, nor did it get along with the mouse. The only obvious thing to do was to get the cat across the river first. This way the dog and the mouse were safe on the other bank. My problem was once I got the cat across the river and came back for one of the other animals I soon realized that either one I took next would cause a problem with the cat. Did you encounter any obstacles while solving the problem? I was upset that I could not get my mind to look outside the box. There had to be a reasonable solution to this problem. A few obstacles were encountered along the way while I was trying to solve this mystery. I would take the cat over first which was fine, because the dog and mouse was okay while on the original side of the river. As soon as I would take over one of the other animals with the cat all heck broke loose due to the cat not getting along with either the dog or the mouse. I knew there had to be an easier answer to this problem. After thinking carefully, I took the dog over first then the cat and mouse fought and then when I took the mouse over first then the dog and cat fought. It almost seemed impossible. Were you aware of this thought process as you worked through the problem? Then after careful consideration and the knowledge I had that the cat had to be the instigator in all this fighting I knew for sure that the cat had to go first. After reading the assigned reading to this issue I knew the answer was outside the box. I will admit that I even placed this task to my mom just to see if she would be as stumped as I was. Now as a recap; I knew the cat was the bad guy in this scenario, so the problem was how would I get the other two over there safely? Then it came to my mom and me! Wow what a revelation it was. Yes the cat was the mean one, and could not be left alone. So, you had to send the cat over first and return raft for another animal. Once you had the other animal over to the bank you had to put the cat back onto the raft and leave him alone on the first bank. This gave you the time you needed to get the other animal over to the other side. So in all reality the cat was the first one to cross over to the other side and the last one to be left on the first side. I do have to say this was a mind stretcher of an activity. I do enjoy trying to figure things like this out. It may take me a while but it is awesome when you do figure it out, at that point you knew you looked outside the box and found your answer.

Justice On Trial in Kafkas The Trial Essay -- Kafka Trial Essays

Justice On Trial in Kafka's The Trial There is no such thing as justice - in or out of court.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clarence Darrow i Most often critically interpreted as a search for Divine justice, Kafka's The Trial, a fragmented and unfinished novel, appears to leave us with the same impression as the words above of Clarence Darrow.   In other words, there is no justice.   This assessment of Divine justice by Kafka works on two levels.   On one level, he is illustrating the helpless nature of the individual when in conflict against an established bureaucracy.   On another level, he is illustrating the existential dilemma of man in the face of a godless, indifferent, and often hostile universe.   A search for justice by Josef K. finds no justice in either realm.   Josef K. awakes one morning to find himself accused by a mysterious legal authority "Someone must have been spreading lies about Josef K., for without having done anything wrong he was arrested one fine morning."ii   His crime is unnamed, one of which he knows nothing.   The novel follows his many attempts to obtain justice from authorities with which he cannot communicate well.   Josef K.'s attempt to find justice end in his utter frustration, his complete loss of human dignity, and his cruel death by stabbing. The Trial is also meant to symbolize original sin and guilt.   On the level of the individual versus the bureaucracy, Josef K. is consumed by guilt and condemned for a crime he does not understand by a court with which he cannot communicate.   We see this same dilemma on the level of the individual versus an existential existence, i.e., man in the modern world trying to find meaning and justice, consumed by guilt and condemned for original sin by a god with which he ca... ... Solzhenitsyn, A. I. The Gulag Archipelago, (I-II).   Translated by Thomas P. Whitney.   New York:   Harper & Row Publishers, 1973. Notes: i Fitzhenry, R. I. (ed.).   Barnes & Noble Book of Quotations, New York, Barnes & Noble Books, 1986, 197. ii Kafka, F.   The Trial.   Translated by Willa and Edwin Muir.   Introduction by George Steiner.   New York, Schocken Books, 1992, 1. iii Id. 180. iv Id. 46. v   Id. 46. vi   Id. 97. vii   Id. 150. viii   Id. 121. ix Beit v. Probate and Family Court Department, 434 N.E.2d 642 (1982), at 643, citing The Trial at 290. x Kafka, 42. xi Id. 222. xii   Id. 43. xiii   Id. 108. xiv   Id. 228. xv Id. 229. xvi Solzhenitsyn, A. I. The Gulag Archipelago, (I-II).   Translated by Thomas P. Whitney.   New York:   Harper & Row Publishers, 1973, 436. xvii Id. 437. xviii   Id. 295.

Performance appraisal Essay

Performance appraisal has been one of the most-debated management practices for several decades. It has generated a wide variety of viewpoints. There are those who see performance appraisal as making an important contribution to human resource management, in that organizations require systematic information on how well employees are performing in their jobs as a key element in ensuring that human resources are used as effectively as possible. Employees at all levels experience a need to know clearly what they should be doing and what is expected of them in terms of quantity and quality of output. In addition most people want to be in a position where they can perform better next time around. A number of writers, especially during the 1970s, expressed pessimistic views about the future of performance appraisal schemes, and the assumptions on which they are based. Some have tended to write off conventional versions of performance appraisal as backward, simplistic and even counterproductive, arguing that conventional appraisal processes often lead both the manager and employee to approach the performance review with dysfunctional role stereotypes. The employee expects to hear what is wrong with his or her performance, while the manger expects to have to well the evaluation to a reluctant and possibly hostile member of staff. (Gordon Anderson 1996) In this case study, it present the issues that caused Xerox Company emerged as a result of their research. In a word, it is all about change. It is talking about the linked issues of visibility and growth, and the compelling need for a process or model to deal with the problems of increasing effectiveness in the midst of all the change. I discuss changing attitudes and HRD political relevance, and present evidence of concern for HRD effectiveness. In Xerox appraisal new system they use â€Å"Mulit-appraisal† which is 360-degree Appraisal. The limitations of conventional performance appraisal in placing considerable, and sometimes total, emphasis on the judgment of the employee’s manager have been identified and discussed by a number of  writers. A pioneering study carried out a number of years ago in Gulf Oil, and described by Stinson and Stokes (1980), highlights an alternative, multi-rater method, which overcomes a number of the deficiencies of conventional, manager-orientated appraisal. Probably the most significant development likely to influence the nature of performance appraisal in the future is the shift away from conventional appraisals undertaken typically by line managers towards the concept of 360-degree appraisal. The concept builds on multi-appraisal and refers to a situation where appraisal data is collected † all around† an employee, from his or her manager, subordinates, peers and c ustomers, internal and external. A number of factors are encouraging organizations to introduce, or to seriously consider the introduction of, 360-degree appraisal. These include: ØFlatter, less hierarchical, more flexible, team-based organization structures; ØAwareness of the limited perspective of managers; ØRecognition of the value of contributions from other sources; ØThe advantage of a range of perspectives, given the increasingly complex roles many people play in organization. In research identified the need for building and maintaining close relationships with line and staff management as essential for a successful HRD organization. It is really depend on the organization and communication processes. A wide range of methods and criteria for appraising performance is used by organizations. The various ways of measuring performance stem directly form the different components of performance. We can see in the new system of Xerox, they are: Simple ranking, using this system the appraiser is called upon to make a judgment about the general level of the performance of each employee. Based on the appraiser ranks each employee from best to worst. Alternate ranking, this process involves a number of stages. While this approach may have some advantages in determining the ratings, it suffers from the same defects as the simple ranking approach. The HRD Function In effective HRD functions, staff development is built in to the annual operating plan as a requirement. It is not only supported by management, but also seen as essential to the continued effective operation of the HRD function, and adequate funding supports it. Another one is Feedback, It tells employees, â€Å"How am I doing?† and â€Å"Where do I go from here?† How would you like to be a member of a bowling team and go bowling every week, but only get your scores once a year? Coaching is the day-to-day effort to review work, answer questions, discuss progress (or lack of it) toward meeting standards, develop skills, and provide positive guidance. Is the supervisor the only person who can provide coaching to an employee? Coworkers, other supervisors, and even customers can often be in a good position to compare the employee’s performance to established standards and then give helpful feedback. As the articles shown that the core of any organization is its staff. Without workers, who is going to do the job? How come the goal is going to achieve? How effectively an organization maintains a quality team of employees is linked to its ability to manage its staff and recognize the contributions of each player. Effective performance management systems enable an organization to objectively and systematically rate employee performance, while providing the tools necessary to take that performance level and equate it to compensation actions. Employees have always expressed the desire for open feedback regarding their performance. More and more companies are embracing the pay for performance concept and its tie to compensation. A well-executive performance management plan enables an organization to achieve critical goals: ØRecognize the efforts and contributions of current staff ØReward staff with compensation directly linked to performance ØMotivate staff to improve performance ØOrient staff towards goal achievement ØRetain key employees through the use of competitive compensation programs ØAttract quality employees with an effective performance management system A necessary condition for the effective management of performance appraisal systems in any organization is the need to clarify and communicate to all concerned the objectives which the system is intended to achieve. Typically, performance appraisal schemes are expected to serve multiple objectives. This can often be strength in that several purposes can be achieved, but I can also prove to be a disadvantage if it leads to a dissipation of effort and lack of focus. It is obviously of crucial importance, and everyone in an organization especially the key decision makers should be fully aware precisely what objectives the system of performance appraisal is expected to achieve, and the priorities within these objects. Performance appraisal should lead to the identification of the training and development needs of employees. Indeed, it can be argued that without an appraisal scheme, it would be only accidental if training and development efforts were aimed in the right direction (Anderson 1980). Performance appraisal, by providing feedback to employees on job performance, creates a basis for improvement and development. The developmental function of appraisal is concerned with improving the performance of people by identifying areas for improvement, setting performance targets for the future, and agreeing plans for follow up action. This aspect also involves developing the capacity of people through formulation plans to develop their skills and careers, and helping individuals to reconcile their job and career aspirations with opportunities available in the organization. Furthermore, there is certain amount of overlap between the evaluative and development functions, in that the evaluation of past performance will often be an important influence upon the setting of future targets. Brinkerhoff  and Kanter (1980) contend that this function is both backward looking in the sense of evaluating past performance so as to establish standards and forward looking in that the established standards serve as incentives for future performance improvement through generating peer competition and the desire to best one’s won past record. The argue further that an additional overlapping, but also overarching, purpose for performance appraisal is to ensure that managers are performing a critical management function. Managers should be paying careful attention to the assessment of the past performance of their staff against organizational requirements, and to the development of greater productivity of the human resources available. This function of performance of performance appraisal of encouraging careful and systematic approaches in assessing the performance of employees is of great importance for practicing managers, and they often recognize its value. The possible conflict between the evaluative and developmental dimensions has been much discussed in the appraisal literature. The central issue appears to be: can the manager, acting as appraiser, effectively be both judge and helper without experiencing role conflict? Since future decisions must be based, at least in part, on evaluations of previous behavior, it could be argued that this conflict is superficial rather than real, and that an effective manager should be about to cope effectively with both roles. When we looked further at the issue of growth. The Conference Board, in a study of trends in corporate education and training, found that the number of training professionals had increased in nearly two-thirds of the firms surveyed. The board cited the following as evidence of the enhanced role and status of HRD in many companies: ØManagement has become convinced that education drives the business. ØA stepchild until recently, the training function is now seen as essential to the company’s strategic goals. ØDeveloping our people is now the heart of our business strategy. ØTraining departments used to be wiped out by recessions, but few were in the recent one (Lusterman, 1985, p.2). Affecting the growth of HRD is the increase in the overall number of jobs and the shifts from sectors such as manufacturing to service organizations. Newly created jobs require new skills training and workers being displaced need retraining. In addition, more workers are coming to expect training as part of the normal job environment, and will demand it if they don’t see it. This is especially true in high technology, where employees want to stay on the leading edge-they can’t afford not to. The negative factors are: ØPossible distortion due to popularity factors influencing peers; ØPossible negative reactions towards those who irrespective of this performance, are seen as unorthodox, inclined to challenge existing practices, and therefore perceived as threatening; ØFriendship rating; ØDistortions due to fear of retaliation; ØReliance of peers on stereotypes in making evaluation. Despite the risks evident from the number of possible negative factors, peer review may well have an increasing role to play in performance appraisal systems of the future, especially in non-hierarchical, team-based organizational structures in which peers are willing to give objective evaluations of one another’s performance, and where peers interact sufficiently frequently to be able to develop an informed view of the performance of colleagues. Conclusion Appraisal of employees tasks place whether a formal appraisal system is in operation or not. In small companies, formal systems are probably unnecessary; in larger companies, a formal system goes some way towards ensuring that decisions based upon judgments of employee performance are fair and just. However, the mere installation of an appraisal scheme does not ensure that appraisals are well founded. There are a large number of human tendencies towards error that must be recognized by those conducting appraisal. This recognition and ways to overcome the problems are best achieved through training. The appraisal of performance is useless unless the results of the appraisal are translated into action. This is the purpose of the appraisal interview. It is a mechanism for feedback of information to employees, and an opportunity for employees and their superiors to sit down and plan remedial action. Appraisal interviews involving problem solving, counseling and joint objective setting are essential components of a successful appraisal scheme. REFERENCE French,W. Human Resources Management 4th Edition, Houghton Miffin co, Boston, 1998. Graham, H.T, Human Resources Management, recruitment and selection, Britain ,1983. Leslie W. Rue, Ph.D., Lioyd L. Byors, Ph.D, Management skills and Application recruitment and selection, Australia,1997. Pearson, R., The Human Resources , Managing people and work, Australia, 1990. Kramar, R, Mcgraw, P& Schuler, R. S., Human Resources Management in Australia. Longman. South Melbourne, 1997. Parry, K. W., Smith, D., Human Resources Management. USQ Press. Queensland, 1998. Dessler, Griffiths, Lloyd- Walker, Williams, Human Resources Management, Prentice Hall, Australia, 1999.

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